![]() ![]() Consider a specific BPSD of significant impact if, in the treating provider’s opinion, the symptom is markedly disturbing to the individual or caregivers, seriously disruptive to an individual’s daily life activities, or concerning for safety of the individual or others.Identify each specific behavioral and psychiatric symptom of dementia (BPSD).5-11 General guidelines for behavioral management are provided in Box 1. 5-11 BPSD also correlate with greater caregiver burden, distress, depression, increased caregiver risk of harm, and reduced caregiver quality of life. ![]() 5 The frequency and severity of BPSD correlate strongly with poorer prognosis, a more rapid decline in cognition and ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs), increased morbidity (eg, falls, sedation, cardiovascular and neurologic symptoms), increased mortality, reduced quality of life, increased caregiver support, higher costs of care, and increased institutionalization. There are currently 45 million individuals worldwide living with dementia, 4 90% or more will have BPSD during their disease course. Survey tools can be used to help identify the presence or absence of BPSD. BPSD should be assessed clinically by patient observation and by asking questions of the patient and informants who know the patient well. Most people with dementia develop multiple behavioral symptoms compounding their impact on individuals and those who interact with them. 1-3 BPSD presentations can vary with underlying disease and stage of the disorder. ![]() The behavioral and psychologic symptoms of dementia (BPSD), include psychosis (ie, delusions and hallucinations), aggression, agitation, irritability, anxiety, depression, apathy, mood lability, disinhibition, intrusiveness, impulsivity, restless motor disturbances, and sleep disturbances, among others. ![]()
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